chloroplast
Sign in to savethumb|upright=1.35|Structure of a typical higher-plant chloroplast. The green chlorophyll is contained in stacks of disk-like [[thylakoids.]] thumb|upright=1.35|Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of [[moss]] A chloroplast ( ) is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to make sugar and
AI overview
A chloroplast is a structure found in plant and algal cells that captures sunlight energy using green chlorophyll pigments and converts it into chemical energy while releasing oxygen. This chemical energy is then used to create sugar, which serves as food for the plant.
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Article
84 sectionsContents
- Discovery and etymology
- Endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts
- Primary endosymbiosis
- Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis
- Primary chloroplast lineages
- Glaucophyte chloroplasts
- Rhodophyta (red chloroplasts)
- Chloroplastida (green chloroplasts)
- ''Paulinella chromatophora''
- Secondary and tertiary chloroplast lineages
- Green algal derived chloroplasts
- Euglenophytes
- Chlorarachniophytes
- Prasinophyte-derived chloroplast
- Tripartite symbiosis
- Red algal derived chloroplasts
- Cryptophytes
- Haptophytes
- Stramenopiles <span style="font-weight: 400;">(heterokontophytes)</span>
- Apicomplexans, chromerids, and dinophytes
- Apicomplexans
- Chromerids
- Dinophytes
- Haptophyte-derived chloroplasts
- Diatom-derived chloroplasts
- Kleptoplasty
- Cryptophyte-derived dinophyte chloroplast
- Chloroplast DNA
- Molecular structure
- DNA repair and replication
- Gene content and protein synthesis
- Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer
- Protein synthesis
- Protein targeting and import
- Transport proteins and membrane translocons
- Structure
- Outer chloroplast membrane
- Intermembrane space and peptidoglycan wall
- Inner chloroplast membrane
- Peripheral reticulum
- Stroma
- Chloroplast ribosomes
- Plastoglobuli
- Starch granules
- RuBisCO
- Pyrenoids
- Thylakoid system
- Thylakoid structure
- Thylakoid composition
- Pigments and chloroplast colors
- Chlorophylls
- Carotenoids
- Phycobilins
- Specialized chloroplasts in {{C4}} plants
- Function and chemistry
- Guard cell chloroplasts
- Plant innate immunity
- Photosynthesis
- Light reactions
- Energy carriers
- Photophosphorylation
- NADP<sup>+</sup> reduction
- Cyclic photophosphorylation
- Dark reactions
- Carbon fixation and G3P synthesis
- Sugars and starches
- Photorespiration
- pH
- Amino acid synthesis
- Other nitrogen compounds
- Other chemical products
- Location
- Distribution in a plant
- Cellular location
- Chloroplast movement
- Differentiation, replication, and inheritance
- Plastid interconversion
- Division
- Regulation
- Chloroplast inheritance
- Transplastomic plants
- Footnotes
- References
- External links
thumb|upright=1.35|Structure of a typical higher-plant chloroplast. The green chlorophyll is contained in stacks of disk-like [[thylakoids.]] thumb|upright=1.35|Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of [[moss]] A chloroplast ( ) is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to make sugar and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process called the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in some unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.
Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within cells. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts cannot be made anew by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—an ancient photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.